Habbari dynasty
Habbari Emirate هباري خاندان | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 854–1011 | |||||||||||
 Map of the Habbarid Emirate circa 900 CE | |||||||||||
| Capital | Mansura | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic Sindhi Multani | ||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
| Government | Emirate | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Habbari dynasty begins | 854 | ||||||||||
• Habbari dynasty ends | 1011 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Sindh | ||||||||||
The Habbari (Arabic: اﻹﻣﺎرة اﻟﻬﺒﺎرﻳﺔ, Sindhi: هباري خاندان) were an Arab dynasty that ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.[1][2] The Habbari ascension marked the end of a period of direct rule of Sindh by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, which had begun in 711 CE.
The Habbaris were based in the city of Mansura, and ruled central and southern Sindh south of Aror,[3] near the modern-day metropolis of Sukkur. The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.
History[edit]
Background[edit]
The region of Greater Sindh was first brought under Arab Islamic rule after the conquest of the Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Qasim in 711 CE, and formed the easternmost province of the Muslim Empire. The region corresponded to an area greater in area than the modern Pakistani province, and included the Makran coast, central Balochistan, and southern Punjab, which in sum correspond to much of the territory of modern Pakistan.[4] The province's internal administration was largely delegated to the natives, rather than the Arab conquerors.[3]
Chinese traveller, Hieun Tsang, who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that Buddhism had declined in the region and Brahminical Hinduism had once again gained the majority dominance.[5][6]
According to Arab accounts of the initial conquest, Hinduism was the predominant religion in Sindh under the Chacha empire, prior to the arrival of Islam with the Umayyad invasions, although a significant minority of the Sindhi population adhered to Buddhism as well.[7][8] Hindus made up almost two-thirds of the ethnic Sindhi population before the arrival of Islam in the region.[9] At the time of the invasions, Sindhi Hindus were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu;[10] whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and Makran, a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.[10]
Umayyad rule over Sindh was quickly supplanted by the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad in 750.[11] The new Abbasid governor of Sindh, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi further consolidated Abbasid power in the region. In the early 9th century, Abbasid authority began to weaken. Sindh's governor, Bishr ibn Dawud, led a short-lived revolt against the Abbasid caliph, but quickly surrendered in exchange for a pardon.[3] Abbasid rule continued to weaken, however, leading to the establishment of five semi-independent Arab principalities in Greater Sindh, based in Mansura, Multan, Qusdar (modern Khuzdar), and Mashkey.[11]
The Habbari Emirate[edit]
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The Habbari were a Quraysh tribe[12] that had played an active role in the politics of Nejd in the Arabian Peninsula since Pre-Islamic times, and gained prominence during Umayyad rule. The ancestors of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Habbari emirate, came to Greater Sindh as Arab settlers almost five or six generations prior to the establishment of Habbari rule in Sindh. The Habbari family acquired an agricultural estate in the village of Baniya, where they engaged in agriculture and in commerce, later achieving prominence among Sindh's Arab settlers.
Arab tribes became rebellious in Sindh in the early 9th century during the Abbasid period. During a period of strife in 841-2 between Yemeni and Hijazi tribes, 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari's Hijazi faction assassinated the pro-Yemeni Abbasid governor of Sindh, Imran bin Musa Barmaki,[13] leaving Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari as the de facto governor of Sindh. According to al-Ya'qubi, Umar's request to be formally appointed governor was granted in 854 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil.[14] Following the death of Al-Mutawakkil in 861, 'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari then established himself as an independent ruler, although he continued to read the Friday prayers in the name of the Abbasid caliph,[11] thereby nominally pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.
The state established by the Habbaris came to be known as Mansura,[11] named after the city which was designated their capital in 883.[15] The Mansura state ruled by Umar bin Abdul Aziz Habbari controlled the region between the Arabian Sea and Aror,[3] and Khuzdar in central Balochistan. The region around the city of Aror continued to be ruled by its local Hindu Raja, who acted as a subordinate of the Habbari emirate.[16]
Other parts of Greater Sindh did not fall under Habbari rule after the collapse of direct Abbasid rule. The Banu Munabih established an emirate in Multan,[11] the Banu Ma'dan established an emirate in Makran before annexing the short-lived emirate of Mashkey. The Habbari ruled over the area of Turan (modern Khuzdar), until the end of the 9th century, when its chief Mughira bin Ahmad established his independence and moved his capital to Kijkanan (modern Kalat).[11] After the secession of Greater Sindh from the Caliphate, there was no basic change in the character of the regime and the newly established Habbari state continued to function on the lines set by the Umayyads and the Abbasids.
'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari ruled until around 884, when his son Abdullah bin Umar took power until around 914. He, in turn, was followed by 'Umar bin Abdullah until around 943. During the rule of the first 3 Habbari rulers, caravan routes from Persia were routed into the Habbari capital of Mansura, before continuing westward into the rest of the Indian Subcontinent.[11] The routing of trade through Mansura made it a wealthy city, as confirmed by the accounts of Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal, and Al-Maqdisi, who had all visited the city.[11]
Five more members of the Habbari family held the office of Emir of Mansura until 1025 C.E. The state was then under the rule of the Saffarids, and the Samanids, until being conquered by the Ghaznavids in 1026. Mahmud Ghaznavi considered the Abbasids the true Caliphs, and regarded the Habbaris as representative of ongoing Umayyad rule, despite their nominal allegiance to the Abbasid caliph, since they had originally migrated and gained prominence in Sindh under Umayyad rule.
Religious beliefs[edit]
The first Habbaris were followers of the Sunni school of thought, and pledged allegiance to the Sunni caliphs in Baghdad, although the last Habbari ruler, Khafif, may have converted to Isma'ili Islam.[19] Under Habbari rule, Ismaili missionaries, who pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo, became active in Sindh, which became one of 12 jaza'ir, or "islands" in the Islamic world in which Ismaili missionary activity was successful.[19] In 957, al-Qadi al-Nu'man recorded that an Ismaili da'i travelled throughout Sindh in the mid-10th century, and successfully converted large numbers of non-Muslims to Ismaili Islam.[19] By 985, Al-Maqdisi noted that the population of Multan (in northern Greater Sindh, ruled by the Banu Munnabih) was largely Shia,[19] although the population of Mansura pledged allegiance to the Sunni Imam Daud Zahiri ibn Athir.[20] Following the conquest of Multan by Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1005, who is noted to have massacred the Ismaili population, large numbers of Ismailis fled south to Mansura, where Ismailism continued even after the Ghaznavid invasion,[19] and became the religion of the Soomra dynasty that would rule Sindh in later centuries.
Central and southern Sindh was largely Buddhist south of Aror,[4] but during the Arab rule of Sindh, Buddhism was largely extinguished, while Hinduism continued on.[12]
List of Habbari Emirs[edit]
| Historical Arab states and dynasties |
|---|
.jpg/250px-Arte_Alhambra_I_(cropped).jpg) |
| History of Pakistan |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
Note: the dates below are only approximate.[21]
- Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari (855-884)
- Abdullah ibn Umar (884-913)
- Umar ibn-Abdullah (913-943)
- Muhammad ibn Abdullah (943-973)
- Ali ibn Umar (973-987)
- Isa ibn Ali
- Manbi ibn Ali ibn Umar (987-1010)
- Khafif (Soomra dynasty) (1010-1025)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ P. M. ( Nagendra Kumar Singh), Muslim Kingship in India, Anmol Publications, 1999, ISBN 81-261-0436-8, ISBN 978-81-261-0436-9 pg 43-45.
- ^ P. M. ( Derryl N. Maclean), Religion and society in Arab Sindh, Published by Brill, 1989, ISBN 90-04-08551-3, ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0 pg 140-143.
- ^ a b c d A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. G. Bell and Sons. 1874.
- ^ a b MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0.
- ^ Omvedt, Gail (August 18, 2003). Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste. SAGE Publications. p. 160. ISBN 9780761996644. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia-long historical con- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Mumtaz, Khawar; Mitha, Yameena; Tahira, Bilquis (2003). Pakistan: Tradition and Change. Oxfam. p. 12. ISBN 9780855984960. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh.
- ^ Malik, Jamal (October 31, 2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. E.J. Brill. p. 40. ISBN 9789047441816. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
- ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1966). The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D. Shiva Lal Agarwala and Company. p. 17. ISBN 9788122000689. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
Besides the Hindus, who formed the bulk of the population, a considerable number consisted of Buddhists, and a fraction probably of Jains too.
- ^ Chandwani, Nikhil (March 13, 2019). "History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on March 13, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population.
- ^ a b MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. (page 52) ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. (page 72)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Asimov, Muchammed Sajfiddinoviĉ; Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1992). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1595-7.
- ^ a b MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0.
- ^ Nadvi, Syed Sulaiman (1962). Indo-Arab Relations: An English Rendering of Arab Oʾ Hind Ke Taʾllugat. Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies.
- ^ Boivin, Michel (2008). Sindh Through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
- ^ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2008). Piety and Politics in the Early Indian Mosque. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569512-0.
- ^ Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1990). Al-Mansurah: A Forgotten Arab Metropolis in Pakistan. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 32, 146. ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ a b c d e Virani, Shafique N. (2007-04-19). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029520-2.
- ^ Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta; Congress, Indian History (2008). A Comprehensive History of India. Orient Longmans. ISBN 978-81-7304-561-5.
- ^ "Chapter No. 1: History and Geography of al-Mansurah" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
External links[edit]
